Mills and the New Insurgency: Building the American New Left, 1948–1963

Sources

1. The opening poses the article's question through Hayden's expressed dissatisfaction with Mills (note 11) and his campus application (note 12). The later organizing proposals are in Hayden's memo (note 15), the final Port Huron Statement (note 18), and America and the New Era (note 19). This is a bounded comparison of texts and activity, not a claim that Mills caused the whole program or had a measured share of national influence.

2. C. Wright Mills, with the assistance of Helen Schneider, The New Men of Power: America's Labor Leaders (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948), chapter 15, pp. 266-291, especially pp. 266-274 and 288-291; research acknowledgments and history, pp. 295-296. The Inter-Union Institute supplied about a third of the funds for the polling work. First-edition scan inspected.

3. Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes (1951; Oxford University Press reprint, 1969), chapter 15, pp. 332-340 and 350-354. Selected passages in the identified reprint were inspected; the full book was not checked.

4. Mills, The Power Elite (1956; later Oxford University Press EPUB with Alan Wolfe afterword), chapter 11, final discussion of labor leadership. The argument cited is Mills's text, not Wolfe's afterword. The relevant EPUB passage is OEBPS/xhtml/page_264.html, ending with Mills's account of labor's 'strategy of maximum adaptation.' Printed pagination awaits edition comparison.

5. Mills, The Sociological Imagination (1959; Oxford University Press edition, 2000), chapter 1, especially pp. 8-9, and chapter 10, pp. 177-187, especially pp. 181-187. The job example explains Mills's distinction between personal troubles and public issues; it does not claim an SDS employment campaign followed from this passage.

6. Mills, New Men of Power, pp. 295 and 297; Mills to Hallock Hoffman, October 7, 1959, in Kathryn Mills with Pamela Mills, eds., C. Wright Mills: Letters and Autobiographical Writings (University of California Press, 2000), pp. 274-276. Mills thanked Leo Lowenthal of the Institute for Social Research for reading his 1948 draft and cited Franz Neumann on trade unions. The 1959 letter names Marcuse's Soviet Marxism as a model for a section of a proposed book. These sources establish particular contacts and textual use, not dependence of the 1960 letter. They do not make Mills's argument a simple extension of Frankfurt School theory.

7. Robert J. S. Ross, “Democracy, Labor, and Globalization: Reflections on Port Huron,” in Howard Brick and Gregory Parker, eds., A New Insurgency: The Port Huron Statement and Its Times (Michigan Publishing, 2015), pp. 126-132, especially pp. 127-129. This is a participant's later recollection. Recruitment and founding details remain subject to contemporary-record checks.

8. Casey Hayden, “Speech in support of the sit-ins”, United States National Student Association conference, August 1960, complete author-attributed transcription, Civil Rights Movement Archive. The account here uses the speech, not the archive headnote's unverified claim about its effect on the convention resolution.

9. Mills, “Letter to the New Left”, New Left Review I/5 (September-October 1960), pp. 18-23. The complete six-page facsimile was inspected, including the “labour metaphysic” wording and labor qualification on p. 22 and the closing call for joint work on p. 23. The account follows this original article facsimile, which corrects defects in a modern transcription.

10. George Novack, writing as William F. Warde, “Who Will Change the World? The New Left and the Views of C. Wright Mills”, International Socialist Review 22:3 (summer 1961), pp. 67-79, especially the opening statements of agreement and disagreement. Complete modern transcription checked. Novack's criticism is presented as his argument.

11. Thomas Hayden, “A Letter to the New (Young) Left,” in Mitchell Cohen and Dennis Hale, eds., The New Student Left: An Anthology, revised and enlarged edition (Beacon Press, 1967), checked fourth printing, October 1970, pp. 2-9, especially pp. 3-8. The reprint attributes first publication to The Activist, Winter 1961. That original issue remains uninspected, so the reprinted wording has not been compared with the first publication.

12. Hayden, “Decomposition of Democracy: Excerpts from a speech,” *The Activist* 2:3, issue cataloged as spring 1962, pp. 22-24, especially p. 22; masthead and contents, PDF p. 2. The Mills passage is also in Student Social Action: From Liberation to Community, printed p. 8, in a separately checked 1966 pamphlet edition. The two editions' dates are distinct.

13. Hayden, “Convention Document #1: Manifesto Notes: A Beginning Draft,” March 19, 1962, in A New Insurgency, pp. 24-27. The editors identify this as a transcription of the 1962 document with obvious typing and punctuation corrections. Hayden's direct quotation establishes his use of Mills; its source within Mills's writings remains to be checked before quoting it as Mills's own statement.

14. Hayden, “Convention Document #2: Manifesto Notes: Problems of Democracy,” March 19, 1962, in A New Insurgency, pp. 28-36, especially pp. 28-29, 34-35. The Fromm discussion concerns evaluation of developing nations; the same document then turns to democracy within universities. The account describes Hayden's use and discussion of Fromm. It does not substitute Hayden's quotations for independent inspection of May Man Prevail? or claim that participatory democracy came from Fromm alone.

15. Hayden, “RE: manifesto,” undated pre-convention memorandum to the SDS executive committee and others, in A New Insurgency, pp. 37-45, especially pp. 37-39. The published transcription identifies these as letters circulated in 1962. No exact date is assigned here.

16. Robert Alan Haber, circular letter regarding SDS, 1962, Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library, original filename 1968_096_01.tif. Full letter image inspected. The exhibit dates it to spring; the letter gives the June 11-15 convention dates but no exact mailing date.

17. Kim Moody, “Port Huron: Where's the Labor Section?,” in A New Insurgency, pp. 108-115, especially pp. 112-114. This is a later participant account. Moody qualifies his memory of his own contributions; individual clause authorship has not been settled here.

18. SDS, The Port Huron Statement, final text reprint, introductory note and Values, PDF pp. 1-5; labor and political strategy, PDF pp. 37-40; The University and Social Change, PDF pp. 40-41. Compare the convention draft scan. Neither copy is presented as an inspected physical first edition.

19. SDS, America and the New Era, printed pp. 13-16 and 22-23, PDF pp. 14-17 and 23-24. The New Insurgency is the heading on printed p. 14; the phrase also closes p. 13. SDS's *New Left Notes*, December 9, 1966, printed/PDF p. 10, dates preparation to the June 1963 convention. The MSU pamphlet is a distribution copy with Chicago and ERAP details. Neither its exact printing date nor the first-ever use of the phrase is established.

20. A later distribution detail: *SDS Bulletin*, February 1965, vol. 3 no. 5, PDF p. 17, offered Mills's letter for 10 cents alongside SDS writers' work. This establishes continued availability beyond the article's main period, not sales, readership, acceptance or the success of the 1963 program.