Institute for Social Research

Under Max Horkheimer , the Institute joined social philosophy with research on economic life and psychology. Wiggershaus describes a program in which philosophical questions guided work across those fields.^[4] The Institute’s own retrospective describes regular discussions before staff research appeared in print.^[2]

The Institute published Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung as a place for that research.^[4] The journal gives readers a way to examine particular arguments instead of treating the group as if it held one unchanging position. Its publication establishes what the Institute issued. Later American use of an argument needs its own evidence.